Chapter 5

On the Nature of Consciousness

1. Discuss the nature of consciousness (its transitions, its levels, and its relation to brain activity).
 

The Sleep and Waking Cycle

2. Describe how sleep research is conducted.
 
3. Summarize what is known about our biological clocks and the relationship of circadian rhythms to sleep.
 
4. Summarize the Featured Study on how to make shift rotation more compatible with circadian rhythms.
 
5. Describe how the sleep cycle evolves through the night, and compare and contrast REM and NREM sleep.
 
6. Summarize age trends and cultural variations in patterns of sleep.
 
7. Discuss the neural bases of sleep.
 
8. Summarize evidence on the effects of complete, partial, and selective sleep deprivation.
 
9. Explain restorative and circadian theories of sleep and describe Borbely's integration of these views.
 
10. Discuss the prevalence, causes, and treatments of insomnia.
 
11. Describe the symptoms of narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, nightmares, and somnambulism.
 

The World of Dreams

12. Summarize findings on dream content and discuss how dreams are affected by real-world events.
 
13. Describe some cultural variations in beliefs about the nature and importance of dreams.
 
14. Describe the three theories of dreaming covered in the chapter.
 

Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

15. Discuss hypnotic susceptibility, list some prominent effects of hypnosis, and explain the role-playing and altered-state theories of hypnosis.
 

Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation?

16. Summarize the evidence on the short-term and long-term effects of meditation.
 

Altering Consciousness with Drugs

17. List and describe the major types of abused drugs and their effects.
 
18. Explain why drug effects vary and how psychoactive drugs exert their effects in the brain.
 
19. Summarize which drugs carry the greatest risk of tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence.
 
20. Summarize evidence on the major physical health risks associated with drug abuse.
 
21. Discuss how drug abuse is related to psychological health.
 

Putting it it Perspective

22. Explain how the chapter highlighted four of the text's unifying themes.
 

Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams

23. Summarize evidence on common questions about sleep discussed in the Application.
 
24. Summarize evidence on common questions about dreams discussed in the Application.
 

Take a practice Quiz/Test (A) or (AP)

Terms
Consciousness
Controlled processes
Automatic processes
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Electromyograph (EMG)
Electrocardiograph (EKG)
Electro-oculograph (EOG)
Biological rhythms
Circadian rhythms
REM sleep
Non-REM sleep
Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
Narcotics
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Night terrors
Nightmares
Somnambulism
Designer drugs
Dream
Hypnosis
Dissociation
Meditation
Psychoactive drugs
Slow-wave sleep (SWS)
Sedatives
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
Alcohol
Tolerance
Physical dependence
Psychological dependence
Manifest content
Latent content
Opiates
Lucid dreams
Key People
William James
Sigmund Freud
William Dement
Alexander Borbely
Calvin Hall
Rosalind Cartwright
Theodore Barber
Ernest Hilgard
J. Alan Hobson
Wilse Webb



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