Chapter 6

Classical Conditioning

1. Describe Pavlov's demonstration of classical conditioning and the key elements in this form of learning.
 
2. Discuss how classical conditioning may shape phobias, other emotional responses, and physiological processes.
 
3. Describe the classical conditioning phenomena of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and higher-order conditioning.
 
4. Describe the processes of stimulus generalization and discrimination and summarize the classic study of Little Albert.
 

Operant Conditioning
 
5. Describe Thorndike's law of effect and Skinner's principle of reinforcement.
 
6. Describe the prototype experimental procedures and apparatus used in studies of operant conditioning.
 
7. Describe the operant conditioning phenomena of acquisition, shaping, and extinction.
 
8. Explain how stimuli govern operant behavior and how generalization and discrimination occur in operant conditioning.
 
9. Discuss the role of delayed reinforcement and conditioned reinforcement in operant conditioning.
 
10. Identify various types of schedules of reinforcement and conditioned reinforcement and discuss their typical effects on responding.
 
11. Explain the distinction between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
 
12. Describe and distinguish between escape learning and avoidance learning.
 
13. Explain Mowrer's two-process theory and the role of negative reinforcement in avoidance behavior.
 
14. Describe punishment and its effects and list six guidelines for making punishment more effective.
 

New Directions in the Study of Conditioning
 
15. Discuss the implications of instinctive drift, conditioned taste aversion, and preparedness for traditional views of conditioning and learning.
 
16. Describe research on blocking, sensory preconditioning, and signal relations in classical conditioning and explain their theoretical importance.
 
17. Explain how response-outcome relations (including noncontingent enforcement) may influence operant behavior.
 

Observational Learning

18. Discuss the nature and importance of observational learning.
 
19. Describe the Featured Study on observational learning and aggression.

Putting in in Perspective

20. Explain how this chapter highlighted two of the text's unifying themes.
 

Application: Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification

21. List and discuss the five steps in a self-modification program.


 Take a practice Quiz/Test (A) or (AP)
         

Terms
Subjects

Research methods

Experiment

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Experimental group

Control group

Extraneous variables

Random assignment

Learning Phobias

Classical conditioning

Pavlovian conditioning

Respondent conditioning

Unconditioned stimulus (UC)

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Conditioned response (CR)

Elicit

Tria

Acquisition

Stimulus contiguity

Extinction

Spontaneous recovery

Stimulus generalization

Stimulus discrimination

Higher-order conditioning

Operant conditioning

Variable-ratio (VR) schedule

Fixed-interval (FI) schedule

Variable-interval (VI) schedule

Correlation

Correlation coefficient

Naturalistic observation

Case study

Survey

Data collection techniques

Statistics

Replication

Sample

Instrumental learning

Law of effect

Reinforcement

Skinner box

Emit

Reinforcement contingencies

Cumulative recorder

Shaping

Programmed learning

Resistance to extinction

Discriminative stimuli

Primary reinforcers

Secondary reinforcers

Schedule of reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement

Intermittent reinforcement

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

Positive reinforcement

Population

Sampling bias

Experimenter bias

Placebo effects

Confounding of variables

Social desirability bias

Double blind

Journal

Punishment

Instinctive drift

Blocking

Noncontingent reinforcement

Observational learning

Behavior modification

Antecedents

Token economy

Behavioral contract

Partial reinforcement

Conditioned reinforcer

Fetishism

Preparedness

Sensory preconditioning

Negative reinforcement

Escape learning

Avoidance learning

Key People
Thomas Holmes

Neal Miller

Robert Rosenthal

Stanley Schachter

Ivan Pavlov

John B. Watson

E. L. Thorndike

B. F. Skinner

Robert Rescorla

Albert Bandura

John Garcia

Martin Seligman



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