Chapter 7

ENCODING: GETTING INFORMATION INTO MEMORY

1. List and describe the three basic human memory processes.

2. Compare and contrast the early- and late-selection theories of attention and the resolution of the debate.

3. List and describe the three levels of information processing proposed by Craik and Lockhart.

4. Discuss three techniques for enriching the encoding process.

STORAGE: MAINTAINING INFORMATION IN MEMORY

5. Describe the role of the sensory store in memory.

6. Describe the characteristics of short-term memory and contrast them with long-term memory.

7. Summarize the evidence on the hypothesis that all memories are stored

8. Describe how verbal rehearsal relates to LTM storage and discuss the likely causes of the serial position effect.

9. Describe the use of various organizational frameworks in long-term memory.

RETRIEVAL: GETTING INFORMATION BACK OUT OF MEMORY

10. Describe how retrieval cues, context cues, and mood are related to retrieval.

11. Summarize evidence demonstrating the reconstructive nature of memory.

12. Discuss the implications of evidence on source monitoring and reality monitoring.

FORGETTING: WHEN MEMORY LAPSES

13. Describe the various measures of forgetting.

14. Explain how forgetting may be a matter of ineffective encoding.

15. Compare and contrast decay and interference as potential causes of forgetting.

16. Explain how forgetting may be due to factors in the retrieval process.

17. Summarize the repressed memories controversy and describe the Featured Study on the creation of false memories.

IN SEARCH OF THE MEMORY TRACE: THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY

18. Summarize evidence on the physiology of memory.

ARE THERE MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS?

19. Distinguish between implicit versus explicit memory, declarative versus procedural memory, and episodic versus semantic memory.

PUTTING IT IN PERSPECTIVE

20. Explain how the chapter highlighted two of the text's unifying themes.

APPLICATION: IMPROVING EVERYDAY MEMORY

21. Outline strategies discussed in the Application by which everyday memory can be improved.

Terms

Subjects

Research methods

Experiment

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Experimental group

Control group

Extraneous variables

Random assignment

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

Attention

Biaural listening

Dichotic listening

Transfer-appropriate processing

Mood-congruence effect

Explicit memory

Levels of processing theory

Elaboration

Dual-coding theory

Sensory memory

Encoding specificity principle

Repression

Consolidation

Retrograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

Mnemonic devices

Overlearning

Link method

Method of loci

Correlation

Correlation coefficient

Naturalistic observation

Case study

Survey

Data collection techniques

Statistics

Replication

Sample

Short-term memory (STM)

Rehearsal

Chunk

Long-term memory (LTM)

Flashbulb memories

Serial position effect

Primacy effect

Recency effect

Declarative memory system

Procedural memory system

Episodic memory system

Semantic memory system

Clustering

Semantic networks

Self-referral encoding

Source-monitoring error

Reality monitoring

Source monitoring

Population

Sampling bias

Experimenter bias

Placebo effects

Confounding of variables

Social desirability bias

Double blind

Journal

Long-term potentiation

Schema

Script

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

State-dependent memory

Nonsense syllables

Forgetting curve

Retention

Recall

Recognition

Relearning

Decay theory

Interference theory

Retroactive interference

Proactive interference

Keyword method

Conceptual hierarchy

Implicit memory

Key People

Thomas Holmes

Neal Miller

Robert Rosenthal

Stanley Schachter

Fergus Craik & Robert Lockhart

Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin

Marcia Johnson

Gordon Bower

Elizabeth Loftus

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Endel Tulving

George Miller

Brenda Milner