Mr. Owings (AP) Psychology Consciousness and Learning (5 & 6) 1. When using punishment in a self-modification program, you should: A. make the punishment fairly severe B. increase the intensity of the punishment over time C. get a friend or family member to administer the punishment D. make sure you have the opportunity to earn some reinforcers, too 2. The fact that response rate shows substantial recovery once punishment is discontinued implies that: A. punishment causes organisms to "unlearn" previously learned responses B. the effects of punishment are longer lasting than the effects of reinforcement C. punishment is a foolproof way of permanently eliminating undesirable responses from an organism's behavioral repertoire D. punishment suppresses behavior because it teaches the organism to anticipate aversive consequences for performing the punished reponse 3. Classical conditioning is to the autonomic nervous system as __________ is to the somatic nervous system. A. operant conditioning B. observational learning C. blocking D. partial reinforcement 4. The phenomenon of conditioned taste aversion seems unusual compared to other, more "traditional" forms of classical conditioning because: A. a taste aversion can be conditioned in one trial B. a taste aversion can be conditioned with long delays between the CS (taste) and UCS (nausea) C. a taste aversion can be conditioned only with an extremely intense UCS D. a taste aversion can be conditioned only with an extremely intense CS E. a and b 5. Sensory preconditioning occurs when: A. a response is conditioned not only to a CS that has been paired with a UCS, but also to another stimulus previously associated with the CS B. a stimulus paired with a UCS fails to become a CS because it is redundant with an established CS C. a CS functions as if it was a UCS D. an organism learns to respond to one CS, but to withhold responding to a second, similar stimulus 6. The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming contends that A. dreams are simply the byproduct of bursts of activity in the brain B. dreams provide an outlet for energy invested in socially undesirable impulses C. dreams represent the brain's attempt to process information taken in during waking hours D. dreams are an attempt to restore a neurotransmitter balance within the brain 7. Which of the following are generally associated with non-REM sleep? A. rapid eye movements B. dreams C. nightmares D. night terrors 8. Which of the following is not among the key processes in observational learning, according to Bandura? A. shaping B. attention C. motor reproduction D. retention 9. If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find A. a system of hierarchically organized cognitions B. one central thought and multiple, related subsidiary thoughts C. an endless flow of ideas that constantly shifts and changes D. an organized system of parallel thoughts 10. The rare sleep disorder in which a person will, without warning, go directly from being awake into REM sleep is A. sleep apnea B. narcolepsy C. hypersomnia D. somnambulism 11. After repeated pairings of a tone with meat powder, Pavlov found that a dog will salivate when the tone is presented. Salivation to the tone is a(n): A. unconditioned stimulus B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response 12. Opiates such as morphine and heroin have a capacity to A. alleviate pain B. improve memory C. enhance sensory awareness D. all of the above 13. An EEG would indicate primarily __________ activity in a person who is meditating with eyes closed. A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. theta 14. If the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a variable amount of time has elapsed, a __________ schedule of reinforcement is being used. A. fixed-ratio B. variable-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-interval 15. When an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated, this is called: A. spontaneous recovery B. reconditioning C. extinction D. resistance to extinction 16. Hypnosis owes its beginnings to the work of A. Sigmund Freud B. Franz Anton Mesmer C. Ernest Hilgard D. Harry Houdini 17. Which of the following statements is false? A. Thorndike's study with cats learning to get out of a puzzle box is an example of operant conditioning. B. In operant conditioning, the subject must make the designated response in order to earn a reinforcer. C. In Pavlovian conditioning, the subject must make the conditioned response before the unconditioned stimulus will be presented. D. none of the above 18. According to Bandura, your motivation to perform an observed response depends on: A. the amount of attention you paid to the model's behavior originally B. the degree to which you can remember the model's behavior C. your ability to perform the observed response D. your expectation of being reinforced for the response 19. Which of the following would not result in an increase in the effectiveness of punishment? A. lengthening the delay between the response and the punishment B. increasing the intensity of the punishment C. providing the subject with an alternative response that will lead to the desired reinforcer D. making the punishment more consistent 20. Research has shown that meditation can produce a physiological state similar to A. the REM stage of sleep B. that produced by hypnosis C. relaxation D. a drug-induced trance 21. During sleep, there is A. no awareness of external stimuli B. no awareness of either external or internal stimuli C. awareness of all external stimuli D. selective awareness of external stimuli 22. Which of the following requires the most concentration and is therefore at the top of the consciousness continuum? A. daydreaming B. automatic processes C. controlled processes D. meditation 23. Intermittent reinforcement occurs when: A. some behaviors but not others are reinforced B. no set schedule of reinforcement is used C. a reinforcer is delivered every so often, regardless of the organism's responses D. a designated response is reinforced only some of the time 24. Bob has just taken a drug that has made him feel euphoric. He has probably taken A. a narcotic B. a hallucinogen C. a sedative D. any of the above 25. What did Freud call the contents of our waking life that spill into our dreams? A. the day residue B. manifest content C. nocturnal spillover D. wish fulfillment 26. Which of the following is not good advice for combating insomnia? A. Bore yourself to sleep. B. Do something relaxing. C. Eat a large meal right before going to bed. D. Read a dull textbook. 27. While serving as a subject at a sleep clinic, Marsha was deprived of dreaming for several nights with the result that she: A. experienced REM rebound and spent more time in REM sleep on subsequent nights B. became accustomed to going without dreaming and spent less time in REM sleep on subsequent nights C. immediately returned to a normal sleep cycle when she was allowed to sleep through the night D. had difficulty achieving REM on subsequent nights 28. Food is an example of a __________ reinforcer; praise is an example of a __________ reinforcer. A. primary; primary B. primary; secondary C. secondary; secondary D. secondary; primary 29. In setting up reinforcement contingencies in a self-modification program, you should: A. choose a reinforcer that is readily available and relatively potent B. use delayed reinforcement C. arrange to reinforce yourself only after there has been a drastic change in the frequency of the target response D. b and c 30. When first learning to ride a bicycle, you were forced to limit your attention to what you were doing and to ignore distractions in order to concentrate. You were using A. controlled processes B. automatic processes C. unconscious processes D. intuitive processes 31. Gustavson and his colleagues (1976) conditioned wild coyotes to stop attacking sheep by: A. baiting the coyotes with tainted sheep carcasses B. punishing each attack response with an intensely painful electric shock C. treating the sheeps' coats with a foul-tasting substance D. bringing in other predators so that competition would be increased 32. The overall effect of a drug on an individual is influenced by which of the following? A. the individual's motivation and expectations B. the personality of the individual taking the drug C. the dose and potency of the drug D. all of the above 33. The evolutionary history of rats has rendered them ________ to associate a taste CS with an illness UCS, and _________ to associate that same CS with an electric shock UCS. A. prepared; prepared B. prepared; unprepared C. unprepared; unprepared D. unprepared; prepared 34. Negative reinforcement __________ the rate of a response; punishment __________ the rate of a response. A. increases; decreases B. decreases; increases C. increases; increases D. decreases; decreases 35. Positive reinforcement involves the __________ of a(n) __________ stimulus. A. presentation; pleasant B. presentation; unpleasant C. removal; pleasant D. removal; unpleasant 36. Consciousness includes: A. our awareness of external events B. our awareness of internal sensations C. our awareness of thoughts about these experiences D. all of the above 37. Korsakoff's syndrome is a psychotic condition resulting from A. alcoholism B. heroin addiction C. hallucinogens D. marijuana 38. According to Rescorla, the single best way to ensure a strong CR is to arrange that the CS: A. remains constantly present throughout training B. be the most predictive signal of the UCS C. be one that is well above the absolute threshold of the animal being trained D. always occurs simultaneously with presentations of the UCS 39. Research conducted by Czeisler and associates found improved worker satisfaction among those workers who A. changed over to a phase-delay schedule B. changed over to a phase-advance schedule C. changed to a shorter rotation D. alternated between a phase-delay schedule and a phase-advance schedule 40. Buses have made Hal anxious ever since he saw his mother have a panic attack on one. Hal avoids riding buses because of his anxiety. Hal's responses to buses have been shaped by: 1. classical conditioning 2. operant conditioning 3. observational learning A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 2 only D. 1, 2, and 3 41. Dan has become such an expert at typing that he can think of other things while typing a paper. For him, typing is now a matter of A. controlled processes B. automatic processes C. uncontrolled processes D. concentrated processes 42. Maureen gives in to her young son's whining about one-quarter of the time. Hence, her son's whining leads to: 1. positive reinforcement 2. negative reinforcement 3. partial reinforcement 4. continuous reinforcement A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 and 4 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1 and 4 only 43. Of the following statements regarding sleepwalking, which is a myth? A. The sleepwalker is acting out a dream. B. Children typically outgrow the problem of sleepwalking. C. Sleepwalkers are prone to accidents. D. It is safe to awaken the sleepwalker. 44. Research indicates that daydreams: A. represent an immature "escape from reality" B. are generally about sex, wealth, or great accomplishment C. are linked to poor mental health D. none of the above 45. Stimulus discrimination is to stimulus generalization as reinforcement is to: A. acquisition B. shaping C. punishment D. resistance 46. The drug having the most diverse negative effects on physical health is A. heroin B. cocaine C. marijuana D. alcohol 47. According to Rescorla, the strength of a conditioned response depends on: A. the number of trials in which the CS and UCS are paired B. the number of trials in which the CS is presented alone C. the percentage of trials in which the CS and UCS are paired D. the percentage of trials in which the UCS is presented alone 48. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about hypnosis? A. A hypnotic trance is a deep trance-like state in which the subject has virtually no control. B. A hypnotic trance is very similar to a state of deep meditation. C. When people are hypnotized, their vital signs are most similar to those found in REM sleep. D. A hypnotized person, although in a heightened state of suggestibility, is awake. 49. The electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the A. corpus callosum B. cerebral cortex C. hypothalamus D. medulla 50. Among the physiological changes that occur when you are dreaming is (are): A. transition to alpha waves B. rapid eye movements C. increased voluntary muscle activity D. all of the above Answer Sheet for Test "Consciousness and Learning (5 & 6).tst", 11/21/03 No. in Q-Bank No. on Test Correct Answer 6 142 (a,-,-) 1 D LO: 21 Page: 250 6 104 (b,-,-) 2 D LO: 14 Page: 233 6 148 (c,-,-) 3 A 6 108 (b,-,-) 4 E LO: 15 Page: 236 6 116 (a,-,-) 5 A LO: 16 Page: 239 5 95 (a,-,-) 6 A LO: 14 Page: 191-192 5 143 (c,-,-) 7 D 6 130 (a,-,-) 8 A LO: 18 Page: 241 5 30 (a,-,-) 9 C LO: 1 Page: 172 5 81 (a,-,-) 10 B LO: 11 Page: 188 6 34 (b,-,-) 11 D LO: 1 Page: 213-214 5 108 (a,-,-) 12 A LO: 17 Page: 197 5 37 (b,-,-) 13 A LO: 1 Page: 174 6 88 (a,-,-) 14 D LO: 10 Page: 228 6 73 (a,-,-) 15 D LO: 7 Page: 226 5 96 (a,-,-) 16 B LO: 15 Page: 192 6 146 (c,-,-) 17 C 6 131 (b,-,-) 18 D LO: 18 Page: 242 6 106 (b,-,-) 19 A LO: 14 Page: 234-235 5 106 (a,-,-) 20 C LO: 16 Page: 195 5 35 (a,-,-) 21 D LO: 1 Page: 173 5 32 (a,-,-) 22 C LO: 1 Page: 172 6 82 (a,-,-) 23 D LO: 10 Page: 228 5 110 (a,-,-) 24 D LO: 17 Page: 197 5 90 (a,-,-) 25 A LO: 12 Page: 190 5 135 (b,-,-) 26 C LO: 23 Page: 205 5 72 (b,-,-) 27 A LO: 8 Page: 185 6 78 (b,-,-) 28 B LO: 9 Page: 228 6 139 (b,-,-) 29 A LO: 21 Page: 249 5 31 (b,-,-) 30 A LO: 1 Page: 172 6 110 (a,-,-) 31 A LO: 15 Page: 236 5 116 (a,-,-) 32 D LO: 18 Page: 199 6 112 (b,-,-) 33 B LO: 15 Page: 237-238 6 102 (a,-,-) 34 A LO: 14 Page: 232 6 93 (a,-,-) 35 A LO: 11 Page: 230 5 29 (a,-,-) 36 D LO: 1 Page: 172 5 128 (a,-,-) 37 A LO: 21 Page: 203 6 121 (b,-,-) 38 B LO: 16 Page: 239 5 53 (a,-,-) 39 A LO: 4 Page: 179 6 149 (c,-,-) 40 D 5 33 (b,-,-) 41 B LO: 1 Page: 173 6 150 (c,-,-) 42 A 5 86 (a,-,-) 43 A LO: 11 Page: 188 5 34 (a,-,-) 44 D LO: 1 Page: 173 6 144 (c,-,-) 45 C 5 124 (a,-,-) 46 D LO: 20 Page: 202 6 120 (a,-,-) 47 C LO: 16 Page: 239 5 97 (a,-,-) 48 D LO: 15 Page: 193 5 36 (a,-,-) 49 B LO: 1 Page: 174 5 62 (a,-,-) 50 B LO: 5 Page: 179