1. According to Piaget, during the formal operations period of cognitive development, children begin to: A. acquire the concept of conservation B. understand the nature of hierarchical classification C. think primarily in terms of concrete objects or situations D. think in terms of abstract principles and hypothetical possibilities 2. Which of the following is not a way in which men's and women's career development differ? A. For women, there is not a clear path leading to success. B. Women are more likely to experience career interruptions. C. Many women subordinate their career goals to their husbands'. D. Because they typically occupy subordinate postions, women are more likely than men to have mentors. 3. If a child's primary reason for not drawing pictures on the living room wall with crayons is to avoid the punishment that would inevitably follow this behavior, she would be said to be at which level of moral development? A. conventional B. postconventional C. preconventional D. unconventional 4. Arrange the following stages in order of occurrence and select the option that shows the correct order. 1. concrete operational thought 2. postconventional moral reasoning 3. preoperational thought 4. trust versus mistrust 5. generativity versus self-absorption A. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 B. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 C. 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 5. When the development of the same subjects is studied over a period of time, the study is called a: A. cross-sectional study B. life history study C. longitudinal study D. sequential study 6. The research of Schaie and colleagues indicates that general intelligence declines slightly after age: A. 70 B. 60 C. 50 D. 40 7. According to Piaget, David's response in Question 79 occurs because: A. David focuses only on the height of the glasses, ignoring their width B. David doesn't realize that, if the water was poured back into the first glass, the water level would be back where it was before C. David is able to keep track of both the height and the width of the water glasses simultaneously D. a and b 8. Influential stage theories have been proposed to describe patterns of: 1. cognitive development 2. perceptual development 3. personality development 4. moral development A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1, 2, and 3 only D. 1, 3, and 4 only E. 1, 2, 3, and 4 9. Trust and optimism are to Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage as __________ is to Piaget's sensorimotor period. A. object permanence B. logical reasoning C. conservation D. separation anxiety 10. Starting in the grade school years, females show a slight advantage over males in ______ skills, while males show a slight advantage over females in _______ skills. A. verbal; visual-spatial B. mathematical; verbal C. visual-spatial; mathematical D. mathematical; visual-spatial 11. Jimmy pushes his pal Billy because he wants Billy to leave his toys alone. This type of aggression is called: A. hostile aggression B. reflexive aggression C. instrumental aggression D. expressive aggression 12. In Erikson's theory, the psychosocial crisis during adolescence is: A. identity versus confusion B. generativity versus self-absorption C. industry versus inferiority D. intimacy versus isolation 13. Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of maturation? A. learned behavior B. emotional maturity C. genetic programming D. cognitive development 14. Research on androgenized females was once thought to demonstrate that prenatal hormones cause gender differences. But this conclusion has been challenged because: A. it was based on a small sample of abnormal subjects B. drug treatments received by the subjects complicated the interpretation of findings C. there is some question about how the subjects were raised as children D. all of the above 15. The fact that children in different cultures _______ in the age at which basic motor skills appear demonstrates that _______. A. vary somewhat; genetic factors can slow or accelerate early motor development B. vary somewhat; environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development C. do not vary; genetic factors alone determine early motor development D. do not vary; environmental factors alone determine early motor development 16. A 9-year-old child would be likely to be in the __________ stage of development according to Piaget and the __________ stage of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg. A. preoperational; preconventional B. concrete operations; preconventional C. concrete operations; conventional D. sensorimotor; postconventional 17. Parents overwhelmingly rate _______ as the most difficult stage of childrearing. A. infancy B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. adolescence 18. In learning to crawl, children initially depend on their arms to propel them and later shift to using their legs. This motor development sequence is an example of: A. the cephalocaudal trend B. the proximodistal trend C. the cephalopedal trend D. encephalitis 19. During the second year of life, toddlers begin to take some personal responsibility for feeding, dressing, and bathing themselves in an attempt to establish what Erikson calls a sense of: A. superiority B. industry C. generativity D. autonomy 20. Which of the following statements is (are) false? A. The rate of neuronal loss during adulthood varies in different parts of the brain. B. It is difficult to measure the rate of this neuronal loss. C. Senile dementia appears to be caused by progessive neuronal loss. D. none of the above 21. In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others? A. concrete operations B. generativity versus self-absorption C. midlife transition D. decreased speed in cognitive processes 22. Saying that heredity and environment "interact" as they influence human development means: A. there's a mutual feedback loop between biological and environmental factors B. heredity and environment do not operate independently C. the effects of each depends on the effects of the other D. all of the above 23. A sequential study: A. is the same thing as a cross-sectional study B. is the same thing as a longitudinal study C. involves a single age group D. combines features of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies E. b and c 24. The stage of concrete operations is said to be "concrete" because: A. the child attributes human qualities to concrete objects B. facts are taken to be set in stone, not to be given up easily C. an object must be present for the child to recognize its existence D. children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events 25. Senile dementia occurs in about __________ of people over age 65. A. 60% B. 45% C. 30% D. 15% 26. __________ is the acquisition of the norms and behaviors expected of people in a particular society. A. Accommodation B. Operant conditioning C. Socialization D. Observational learning 27. The major shortcoming of Erikson's psychosocial stages theory of development is that: A. he failed to look at adult development B. he placed too little emphasis on social forces in the development of personality C. like many stage theories, it pays little attention to explaining individual differences D. it fails to account for continuity in personality development 28. Any mechanical or chemical interference with prenatal development will have the most serious impact when the system to be affected is: A. growing rapidly B. growing slowly C. growing at a constant pace D. not growing at all 29. Genital herpes and AIDS are typically passed from mother to offspring during: A. the germinal stage B. the embryonic stage C. the fetal stage D. the birth process 30. Which of the following statements is (are) true? A. If mother and newborn are deprived of skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth, their relationship is irrevocably damaged. B. From the first moment they lay eyes on their babies, all mothers experience an instantaneous and overwhelming bond to them. C. There is no convincing evidence that extensive skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn immediately after birth leads to healthier attachent later on. D. a and b 31. Ten-year-old Sherry watches as you flatten one of two equal-sized balls of clay into a pancake. Sherry says they both still have the same amount of clay, demonstrating that she understands: A. seriation B. conservation C. inductive reasoning D. hierarchical classification 32. Which is the correct sequencing of Super's stages of vocational development? A. growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, decline B. exploration, growth, establishment, maintenance, decline C. exploration, establishment, growth, maintenance, decline D. establishment, exploration, maintenance, growth, decline 33. More people are marrying at an older age today because: A. more career opportunities are available for women B. many jobs require more education than in the past C. today's young people place greater emphasis on personal autonomy D. all of the above 34. An infant's visual acuity reaches its adult level by about age: A. 2 to 4 days B. 3 to 6 weeks C. 6 to 8 months D. two years 35. The close, emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver is called: A. attachment B. dependency C. imprinting D. identification 36. Which of the following is not one of the criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A. Moral devleopment is actually much more uniform and orderly than Kohlberg's theory suggests. B. Kohlberg's approach may be biased against females. C. There are sizeable cultural variations in people's progress through Kohlberg's stages. D. A person may show signs of several adjacent levels of moral reasoning at a particular point in development 37. Studies that have measured spouses' overall satisfaction at different stages of the family life cycle have found: A. that marital satisfaction is much higher at the beginning of the cycle than during the middle or end B. that marital satisfaction tends to be lowest at the middle of the cycle C. that marital satisfaction tends to be lowest at the end of the cycle D. a and c 38. The one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg is called: A. a zygote B. a germ C. an embryo D. a fetus 39. In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others? A. centration B. egocentrism C. telegraphic speech D. development of secondary sex characteristics 40. Which of the following best summarizes research findings on the biological roots of gender differences? A. Biological factors certainly play a role, but it's probably relatively minor. B. Biological factors have no significant effect on gender differences. C. Biological factors create dispositions that are then shaped by experience. D. both a and c 41. The Featured Study on the effects of exposure to media violence found that: A. the link between media violence and aggressiveness may be forged at a very young age B. the link between media violence and aggressiveness is significantly stronger for girls than for boys C. media violence plays the most significant causal role in aggressiveness in children D. all of the above 42. According to cognitive theories of gender-role development, self-socialization includes the step(s) of: A. being reinforced for gender-appropriate behaviors B. valuing characteristics associated with one's gender C. learning to classify oneself as male or female D. both b and c 43. Suppose Sherry (from Question 90) is presented with two identical short, wide glasses filled with water. She watches as you pour water from one of these into a tall, narrow glass. Based on her response to the clay problem, we would expect Sherry to say: A. that the tall, narrow glass has more water B. that the short, wide glass has more water C. that both glasses have the same amount of water 44. The visual acuity of the newborn: A. can't be measured, since newborns can't read B. is nearly as good as the visual acuity of the adult C. is estimated to be about 20/660 D. is nonexistent, since newborns are virtually blind 45. Bernardo, a newlywed, believes a marriage is "equal" if it's based on mutual understanding and trust. His new wife, Leslie, says an equal marriage means husband and wife sharing chores and responsibilities. Which of the following is true about the views of these two? A. Bernardo's views are typical for men; Leslie's are not typical for women. B. Leslie's views are typical for women; Bernardo's are not typical for men. C. Each has views that are typical for their gender. D. Neither has views that are typical for their gender. 46. Looking back on her long life, Hilda feels good about herself and her accomplishments and swears that she would do it again the same way if given the opportunity. According to Erikson's theory, Hilda is at the stage of: A. identity versus role confusion B. integrity versus despair C. intimacy versus isolation D. initiative versus guilt 47. During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child's relations with the world are through: A. logical reasoning B. physical interaction C. abstract operations D. systematic hypothesis testing 48. Which of the following has not decreased over generations? A. age at puberty for boys B. age at puberty for girls C. the age at which the growth spurt begins D. the rate at which the growth spurt proceeds 49. Recent evidence collected by Whitbourne and her colleagues has provided support for Erikson's idea that: A. personality development proceeds in an orderly sequence of steps B. favorable resolutions of psychosocial crises in earlier stages lead to more favorable outcomes in later stages C. both a and b D. neither a nor b 50. The age of viability, referring to the age at which the fetus ____________, is reached __________. A. can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeks B. can survive if born prematurely; between 22 and 26 weeks C. first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeks D. experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks Answer Sheet for Test "LifeSpan Practice (AP).tst", 1/26/04 No. in Q-Bank No. on Test Correct Answer 11 122 (a,-,-) 1 D LO: 8 Page: 436-437 11 170 (a,-,-) 2 D LO: 18 Page: 455 11 132 (b,-,-) 3 C LO: 10 Page: 440 11 205 (c,-,-) 4 A 11 70 (a,-,-) 5 C LO: 5 Page: 427 11 176 (a,-,-) 6 B LO: 19 Page: 460 11 107 (b,-,-) 7 D LO: 8 Page: 436 11 197 (c,-,-) 8 D 11 198 (c,-,-) 9 A 11 185 (a,-,-) 10 A LO: 21 Page: 463 11 137 (b,-,-) 11 C LO: 11 Page: 442 11 150 (a,-,-) 12 A LO: 15 Page: 449 11 66 (b,-,-) 13 C LO: 4 Page: 426 11 188 (a,-,-) 14 D LO: 22 Page: 464 11 68 (b,-,-) 15 B LO: 4 Page: 427 11 199 (c,-,-) 16 C 11 166 (a,-,-) 17 D LO: 17 Page: 454 11 62 (b,-,-) 18 A LO: 4 Page: 425 11 95 (a,-,-) 19 D LO: 7 Page: 432 11 172 (a,-,-) 20 C LO: 19 Page: 455 11 202 (c,-,-) 21 A 11 180 (a,-,-) 22 D LO: 20 Page: 461 11 74 (a,-,-) 23 D LO: 5 Page: 428 11 116 (b,-,-) 24 D LO: 8 Page: 436 11 171 (a,-,-) 25 D LO: 19 Page: 455 11 191 (a,-,-) 26 C LO: 22 Page: 465 11 97 (a,-,-) 27 C LO: 7 Page: 433 11 39 (b,-,-) 28 A LO: 2 Page: 420 11 48 (a,-,-) 29 D LO: 2 Page: 422 11 88 (a,-,-) 30 C LO: 6 Page: 431 11 117 (b,-,-) 31 B LO: 8 Page: 436 11 169 (a,-,-) 32 A LO: 18 Page: 454 11 162 (a,-,-) 33 D LO: 17 Page: 452 11 54 (a,-,-) 34 D LO: 3 Page: 424 11 79 (a,-,-) 35 A LO: 6 Page: 429 11 135 (a,-,-) 36 A LO: 10 Page: 441-442 11 164 (a,-,-) 37 B LO: 17 Page: 452 11 30 (a,-,-) 38 A LO: 1 Page: 418 11 201 (c,-,-) 39 D 11 190 (a,-,-) 40 D LO: 22 Page: 465 11 140 (a,-,-) 41 A LO: 12 Page: 444 11 194 (a,-,-) 42 D LO: 22 Page: 465-466 11 119 (b,-,-) 43 C LO: 8 Page: 436 11 52 (a,-,-) 44 C LO: 3 Page: 424 11 163 (b,-,-) 45 C LO: 17 Page: 452 11 160 (b,-,-) 46 B LO: 16 Page: 452 11 103 (b,-,-) 47 B LO: 8 Page: 434 11 145 (a,-,-) 48 D LO: 13 Page: 446 11 158 (a,-,-) 49 C LO: 16 Page: 452 11 38 (a,-,-) 50 B LO: 1 Page: 420