1. In comparison to men, women are ________ likely to experience orgasmic disorder and ________ likely to experience low sexual desire. A. less; more B. more; more C. more; equally D. equally; more E. equally; equally 2. Men rape women much more frequently than women rape men. Evolutionary psychologists would most likely explain this in terms of sex differences in: A. the refractory period. B. reproductive capacity. C. extrinsic motivation. D. body size. E. homeostasis. 3. Evolutionary explanations of gender differences in sexual behavior have been criticized because they: A. rely on the outdated principle of natural selection. B. underestimate the impact of genetic predispositions on sexual behavior. C. cannot explain many of the similarities in the sexual behavior patterns of males and females. D. have difficulty accounting for many culturally diverse patterns of male and female sexual behaviors. 4. The refractory period is: A. the moment before orgasm during which sexual arousal is maintained at a fairly high level. B. the stage of the sexual response cycle during which sexual excitation reaches its climax. C. the time span after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm. D. the span of the monthly female reproductive cycle during which ovulation occurs. 5. Destruction of the ________ causes an animal to ________. A. lateral hypothalamus; overeat B. ventromedial hypothalamus; overeat C. lateral hypothalamus; start eating D. ventromedial hypothalamus; stop eating 6. With respect to sex research and human values, the text suggests that: A. sexual activity is largely a medical and biological issue, not a moral issue. B. scientific methods prevent sex researchers from being influenced by their own personal values. C. researchers should not reveal their sexual values because sexual standards are a matter of personal taste. D. sex research and education should be accompanied by open consideration of sexual values. 7. Those who trace the origins of social bonding to its survival value are most likely to agree that the need to belong is: A. an incentive. B. an instinct. C. genetically influenced. D. an extrinsic motive. E. Maslow's highest-level need. 8. Electrical stimulation of the ________ causes an animal to ________. A. lateral hypothalamus; stop eating B. ventromedial hypothalamus; start eating C. lateral hypothalamus; start eating D. ventromedial hypothalamus; overeat 9. Food deprivation is to hunger as ________ is to ________. A. homeostasis; thirst B. incentive; instinct C. need; drive D. motivation; emotion E. pornography; lust 10. Isaac, a 25-year-old law student, is heterosexual; his brother Chaim, a 21-year-old college senior, is homosexual. The brothers obviously differ in their: A. gender identity. B. sexual role. C. sexual orientation. D. gender type. E. gender schema. 11. If Marla is a typical female college student, it is most probable that she: A. would like to weigh more than what she thinks men prefer her to weigh. B. thinks she weighs less than what she would like to weigh. C. would like to weigh less than what men actually prefer her to weigh. D. thinks men prefer her to weigh more than they really do. 12. Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that: A. males and females experience a similar refractory period following orgasm. B. women undergo a decrease in physiological arousal more slowly if they have experienced orgasm than if they have not. C. during the resolution phase sexual excitement increases in females but decreases in males. D. enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception. 13. In everyday behavior, men are less likely than women to: A. smile at others. B. stare at others. C. interrupt others. D. initiate touching others. 14. As a meal progresses, people are increasingly likely to: A. chew longer on each bite of food. B. enjoy the taste of each bite of food. C. experience a drop in their resting metabolic rate. D. experience a rising blood insulin level. 15. During the course of a conversation between Lola, Martha, and Gus, which of the following events is most likely to occur? A. Gus interrupts Lola. B. Lola interrupts Martha. C. Martha interrupts Gus. D. All the above are equally likely to occur. 16. Perspiring and blood vessel constriction serve to: A. preserve body warmth. B. arouse drives. C. maintain homeostasis. D. lower the set point. 17. In order to measure the strength of the need for achievement, McClelland and Atkinson asked subjects to: A. invent stories about ambiguous pictures. B. indicate their eagerness to engage in easy, moderately challenging, or difficult tasks. C. draw pictures of men and women engaging in different behaviors. D. indicate their current annual income and the annual income they expected to earn in the future. 18. Theory X is to ________ as theory Y is to ________. A. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation B. directive management; participative management C. social leadership; task leadership D. informative rewards; controlling rewards 19. If Mary Ann is a typical college student, it is most probable that she: A. thinks she weighs less than she would like to weigh. B. thinks she weighs less than what men actually prefer her to weigh. C. would like to weigh more than what men actually prefer her to weigh. D. thinks men prefer her to weigh less than they really do. E. thinks men prefer her to weigh less than she would like to weigh. 20. A lack of bodily fluids is to cold water as ________ is to ________. A. need; incentive B. drive; incentive C. need; drive D. instinct; intrinsic motivation E. whose naughty; or nice 21. Directive management is to ________ as participative management is to ________. A. informative reward; controlling reward B. social leadership; task leadership C. theory Y; theory X D. extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation 22. Sheila is more fearful of loneliness than of remaining in a physically abusive relationship with her boyfriend. This best illustrates the potentially harmful impact of ________ needs. A. self-actualization B. belongingness C. achievement D. sexual E. safety 23. Studies of birth order and achievement suggest that the highest levels of academic success tend to be achieved by: A. first-born children. B. second-born children. C. last-born children. D. last-born female children but not last-born male children. 24. Research has found that an animal's sexual orientation can be altered by: A. manipulations of prenatal hormone conditions. B. destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus. C. injections of sex hormones in early adulthood. D. destruction of the amygdala. E. none of the above. 25. Intrinsic motivation is to ________ as extrinsic motivation is to ________. A. theory X; theory Y B. participative management; directive management C. task leadership; social leadership D. controlling rewards; informative rewards 26. A drive refers to: A. a rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of a species and developed without practice. B. an aroused or activated state that is often triggered by deprivation. C. anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior. D. a deprivation that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal. E. a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. 27. Amy, a 23-year-old married high school teacher, experiences orgasmic disorder. Recent research suggests that she is most likely to be helped by: A. drug therapy, which increases her estrogen level. B. therapy that trains her to enjoy her body and give herself orgasms. C. psychoanalysis, which uncovers the unconscious conflict causing her problem. D. nondirective therapy that raises her self-esteem. E. behavior therapy that encourages her to be sexually active only during ovulation. 28. Which of the following events would most likely cause an animal to eat voraciously and become obese? A. destruction of its ventromedial hypothalamus B. lowering its set point C. stimulation of its ventromedial hypothalamus D. destruction of its lateral hypothalamus 29. Creative writers with a high need for achievement would be especially motivated to attempt a literary project that involved ________ risk of failure. A. no B. a very low C. a moderate D. a very high 30. Myra skipped lunch, so by late afternoon she is very hungry. At this time it is likely that her blood glucose level is ________ and her blood insulin level is ________. A. low; low B. low; high C. high; high D. high; low 31. Antonio, a sixth-grader, has just brought home a 100-word spelling test on which he spelled 75 words correctly. If Antonio's parents want to effectively encourage high levels of achievement in their son, they should tell him: A. "We love you no matter what grades you receive." B. "What's important is that you do your best always." C. "Let's see if you can raise your next test score 5 points by studying harder." D. "If you can't perform much better on your next test, you won't be allowed to watch television before bedtime." 32. The male refractory period lasts anywhere from a few: A. seconds to a few minutes. B. minutes to a couple of hours. C. minutes to a day or more. D. hours to a week or more. 33. Intrinsic motivation is to ________ as extrinsic motivation is to ________. A. theory Y; theory X B. directive management; participative management C. task leadership; social leadership D. controlling reward; informative reward 34. People are most likely to dislike the taste of ________ foods. A. salty B. starchy C. novel D. familiar 35. An explanation of motivation in terms of homeostasis is best illustrated by the concept of: A. instinct. B. set point. C. refractory period. D. extrinsic motivation. 36. Theory Y managers are more likely than theory X managers to: A. closely observe individual employees in order to monitor their productivity. B. discourage employees from critically discussing controversial company policies. C. give employees a high degree of responsibility for developing their own work procedures. D. remind employees of the exact deadlines for the completion of work projects. 37. People who are high in achievement motivation prefer ________ tasks; people who are low in achievement motivation prefer ________ tasks. A. very difficult; very easy B. moderately difficult; very easy or very difficult C. very easy or moderately difficult; very difficult D. very difficult or very easy; moderately difficult 38. For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce: A. homeostasis. B. a drive. C. an instinct. D. extrinsic motivation. E. metabolic rate. 39. The level of serotonin in the brain is ________ by a diet high in ________. A. increased; carbohydrates B. decreased; salt C. increased; protein D. decreased; sugar 40. Our sexual attraction toward members of either the same sex or the opposite sex is called our: A. intrinsic motivation. B. sexual orientation. C. extrinsic motivation. D. sexual identity. E. gender identity. 41. When asked what is most necessary for a happy and meaningful life, most people first mention the importance of satisfying their ________ needs. A. achievement B. belongingness C. safety D. sexual E. self-actualization 42. Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet: A. became apathetic and lost interest in food. B. remained interested in food but avoided talking or thinking about it. C. lost interest in sex and social activities. D. became increasingly preoccupied with political and religious issues. 43. Professor Taylor suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because eggs are much less abundant than sperm. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior. A. arousal B. drive-reduction C. intrinsic motivation D. evolutionary E. homeostatic 44. Women are more likely than men to experience: A. genital arousal during their dreams. B. sexually vivid dreams that lead to orgasm. C. fantasies of being sexually taken by a passionate lover. D. fantasies of coercing someone else into having sex. 45. As part of a research project, Dr. Smirnov destroys part of the ventromedial hypothalamus of a laboratory rat. This operation is most likely to: A. cause the animal to eat excessively until it becomes obese. B. lower the animal's set point for body weight. C. raise the animal's blood insulin levels. D. raise the animal's set point for body weight. 46. Compared to women, men are more likely to experience: A. recollections of their previous sexual interactions. B. dreams about members of the opposite sex. C. sexually vivid dreams that lead to orgasm. D. fantasies of being sexually overpowered. 47. The concept of a set point best illustrates an explanation of motivation in terms of: A. instincts. B. incentives. C. homeostasis. D. refractory periods. 48. First-borns are to ________ as later-borns are to ________. A. social success; academic success B. tradition; innovation C. extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation D. social leadership; task leadership 49. A homosexual orientation is: A. equally likely among members of both sexes. B. associated with a lack of clear gender identity. C. very persistent and difficult to change. D. a result of being sexually victimized during childhood. E. characteristic of over 10 percent of American males. 50. Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to: A. lower its set point for body weight. B. facilitate conversion of its blood glucose to fat. C. lower its blood insulin level. D. cause it to stop eating. Answer Sheet for Test "Motivation and Emotions (A).tst", 1/26/04 No. in Q-Bank No. on Test Correct Answer 12.TB1 62 (a,b,-) 1 B Objective 7, p. 378 12.TB2 65 (b,c,-) 2 B Objective 7, p. 379 12.TB1 69 (a,b,-) 3 D Objective 7, p. 379 12.TB1 53 (a,b,-) 4 C Objective 6, p. 375 12.TB1 34 (a,b,-) 5 B Objective 3, p. 369 12.TB1 80 (a,b,-) 6 D Objective 8, p. 383 12.TB2 25 (b,b,-) 7 C Objective 2, p. 367 12.TB2 33 (a,b,-) 8 C Objective 3, p. 369 12.TB1 10 (b,b,-) 9 C Objective 1, pp. 364-365 12.TB1 70 (b,a,-) 10 C Objective 8, p. 379 12.TB2 47 (b,b,-) 11 C Objective 4, p. 373 12.TB1 52 (a,b,-) 12 D Objective 6, p. 375 12.TB2 96 (a,b,-) 13 A Objective 11, p. 389 12.TB2 40 (a,b,-) 14 A Objective 4, p. 370 12.TB2 97 (b,a,-) 15 A Objective 11, p. 389 12.TB2 12 (b,b,-) 16 C Objective 1, p. 365 12.TB2 79 (a,c,-) 17 A Objective 9, p. 384 12.TB2 100 (b,c,-) 18 B Objective 11, p. 389 12.TB1 47 (b,b,-) 19 D Objective 4, p. 373 12.TB1 18 (b,b,-) 20 A Objective 1, p. 365 12.TB2 104 (b,c,-) 21 D Objective 11, p. 389 12.TB2 26 (b,a,-) 22 B Objective 2, p. 367 12.TB2 83 (a,a,-) 23 A Objective 9, p. 385 12.TB1 78 (a,b,-) 24 A Objective 8, p. 382 12.TB1 108 (b,c,-) 25 B Objective 11, p. 389 12.TB2 8 (a,b,-) 26 B Objective 1, p. 364 12.TB2 62 (b,b,-) 27 B Objective 7, p. 378 12.TB2 35 (a,c,-) 28 A Objective 3, p. 369 12.TB2 81 (b,b,-) 29 C Objective 9, p. 384 12.TB1 31 (b,c,-) 30 B Objective 3, p. 369 12.TB1 96 (b,a,-) 31 C Objective 11, p. 388 12.TB2 53 (a,c,-) 32 C Objective 6, p. 375 12.TB2 101 (b,b,-) 33 A Objective 11, p. 389 12.TB1 40 (a,b,-) 34 C Objective 4, p. 371 12.TB1 38 (b,b,-) 35 B Objective 3, p. 370 12.TB2 107 (a,b,-) 36 C Objective 11, p. 389 12.TB1 82 (a,b,-) 37 B Objective 9, p. 384 12.TB1 9 (a,a,-) 38 B Objective 1, p. 364 12.TB1 32 (a,c,-) 39 A Objective 3, p. 369 12.TB2 68 (a,a,-) 40 B Objective 8, p. 379 12.TB1 25 (a,b,-) 41 B Objective 2, p. 367 12.TB1 27 (a,b,-) 42 C Objective 3, p. 368 12.TB1 67 (b,b,-) 43 D Objective 7, p. 379 12.TB2 59 (a,a,-) 44 C Objective 6, p. 377 12.TB2 38 (b,c,-) 45 B Objective 3, pp. 369-370 12.TB1 61 (a,b,-) 46 C Objective 6, p. 377 12.TB2 37 (b,b,-) 47 C Objective 3, p. 370 12.TB2 84 (b,c,-) 48 B Objective 9, p. 386 12.TB1 73 (a,b,-) 49 C Objective 8, p. 380 12.TB1 36 (a,c,-) 50 B Objective 3, p. 369